Escape Characters in Python

--> In String literals we can use escape characters to associate a special meaning.

>>>s="siddu\nsoftware"

>>> print(s)

durga

software.

>>>s="siddu\tsoftware"

>>> print(s) #siddu software

>>>s="This is " symbol"

    File "<stdin>", line 1

s="This is "symbol" 

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>>s="This is \" symbol"

>>> print(s)

This is "symbol

-->The following are various important escape characters in Python

\n===>New Line

\t===>Horizontal tab 

\r===>Carriage Return

\b===>Back space 

\f===>Form Feed

\V==>Vertical tab

\'>Single quote

\">Double quote

\\===>back slash symbol

None Data Type and Constants in Python

-->None means Nothing or No value associated.

-->If the value is not available, then to handle such type of cases None introduced. It is something like null value in Java.

Example:

def n1(): a=10

print(n1())

None

Constants 

-->Constants concept is not applicable in Python.

-->But it is convention to use only uppercase characters if we don't want to change value.

MAX_VALUE=10

-->It is just convention but we can change the value.

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AP Six Landmark Policies

-->The Cabinet approved six landmark policies that will transform Andhra Pradesh into an industrial powerhouse, marking a significant step towards fulfilling our 20 lakh job creation promise.

-->These policies align with our vision to attract investment, create jobs, boost entrepreneurship, and lead in clean energy. 

-->Our major focus is employment generation and empowering the youth of AP to think globally and act globally, with initiatives like One Family, One Entrepreneur.

These six policies are: 

1. AP Industrial Development Policy 4.0 (AP IDP 4.0)

2. AP MSME & Entrepreneur Development Policy 4.0 (AP MEDP 4.0)

3. AP Food Processing Policy 4.0 (AP FPP 4.0)

4. AP Electronics Policy 4.0 (AP EP 4.0)

5. AP Private Parks Policy 4.0 (AP PPP 4.0)

6. AP Integrated Clean Energy Policy 4.0 (AP ICE 4.0)

Fundamental Data Types and it's Immutability in Python

 -->All Fundamental Data types are immutable. i.e once we creates an object, we cannot perform any changes in that object.

-->If we are trying to change, then with those changes a new object will be created. This non-changeable behavior is called immutability.

-->In Python if a new object is required, then PVM wont create object immediately. First it will check is any object available with the required content or not. 

-->If available then existing object will be reused. If it is not available then only a new object will be created.

-->The advantage of this approach is memory utilization and performance will be improved.

-->But the problem in this approach is,several references pointing to the same object,by using one reference if we are allowed to change the content in the existing object then the remaining references will be effected.

-->To prevent this immutability concept is required. According to this once creates an object we are not allowed to change content. 

-->If we are trying to change with those changes a new object will be created.

>>> a=10

>>> b=10

>>>a is b#True

>>> id(a)#1572353952

>>> id(b)#1572353952

>>> a=10+5j

>>> b=10+5j

>>> a is b#False

>>> id(a)#15980256

>>> id(b)#15979944

>>> a=True

>>> b=True

>>> a is b#True

>>>id(a)#1572172624

>>> id(b)#1572172624

>>> a='siddu'

>>> b='siddu'

>>> a is b#True

>>> id(a)#16378848

>>> id(b)#16378848

bytearray Data type in Python

 -->bytearray is exactly same as bytes data type except that its elements can be modified.

Example:

>>>x=[10,20,30,40]

>>>b=bytearray(x)

>>>for i in b: print(i)#10 20 30 40

>>>b[0]=100

>>>for i in b: print(i)#100 20 30 40

Example:

>>> x =[10,256]

>>> b= bytearray(x)

ValueError: byte must be in range(0,256)

bytes Data Type in Python

 -->bytes data type represents a group of byte numbers just like an array.

Example

>>>x=[10,20,30,40]

>>>b = bytes(x)

>>>type(b)#bytes

>>>print(b[0])#10 

>>>print(b[-1])#40

>>> for i in b : print(i)#20 30 40 10

Conclusion 1:

-->The only allowed values for byte data type are 0 to 256.

-->By mistake if we are trying to provide any other values then we will get value error.

Conclusion 2:

-->Once we creates bytes data type value, we cannot change its values, otherwise we will get TypeError.

Example

>>> x=[10,20,30,40]

>>> b=bytes(x)

>>> b[0]=100#TypeError: 'bytes' object does not support item assignment